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Sunday, September 24, 2023
Sunday, August 13, 2023
Sunday, August 6, 2023
рдЖँрдЦा рдкाрдХ्рдиे рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा, рдХाрд░рдг, рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг, рд░ोрдХрдеाрдо рд░ рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░/ Conjunctivitis cause, symptoms, prevention and treatment
рдпो рд░ोрдЧрд▓े рдЧрд░्рджा рдЖँрдЦा рднिрдд्рд░ рд░рд╣ेрдХो рд░рдХ्рддрдирд▓ीрд╣рд░ु рд░ рдкрд░ेрд▓ाрд╣рд░ु рд╕ुрди्рдиिрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ, рдЬрд╕рд▓े рдЧрд░्рджा рдЖँрдЦाрдХो рд╕ेрддो рднाрдЧ рд░ाрддो рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЧुрд▓ाрдмी рд░рдЩрдХो рд╣ुрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ।
рдпрд╕рдХा рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдгрд╣рд░ु
· рдПрдЙрдЯा рд╡ा рджुрдмै рдЖँрдЦा рд░ाрддो рд╣ुрдиे
· рдЪिрд▓ाрдЙрдиे
· рдЖँрд╕ु рдЖрдЙрдиे
· рдкрд╣ेрд▓ो рдХрдЪेрд░ा рдЬрд╕्рддो рд╡рд╕्рддु рдмрд╣рдиे рд╡ा рдиिрд╕्рдХрдиे
· рдЖँрдЦा рдзрдоिрд▓ो рд╣ुрдиे
· рдЖँрдЦाрдХो рдкрд░ेрд▓ाрд╣рд░ु рдЪिрдк्рдХрдиे рд╡ा рд╕ुрди्рдиिрдиे рд╡ा рд╣ेрд░्рди рдЧाрд╣्рд░ो рд╣ुрдиे
· рдЖँрдЦा рдмिрдЭाрдЙрдиे рд╡ा рдЕрд╕рдЬिрд▓ो рд╣ुрдиे
рдпрд╕рдХा рдХाрд░рдгрд╣рд░ु
· рд╡िрд╡िрди्рди рдХिрд╕िрдордХा рдмेрдХ्рдЯेрд░िрдЖ, рднाрдЗрд░рд╕्, рдПрд▓ेрд░ेрдЬेрди् (virus, bacteria, allergy) рдХा рдХाрд░рдгрд▓े
· рд╣ाрд╡ाрдоा рдЙрдб्рдиे рд░ рди-рдЙрдб्рдиे рджुрд╡ै рдХिрд░ाрд╣рд░ूрдХो рд╕рдо्рдкрд░्рдХрдоा рдЖрдЙрдиाрд▓े
· рд╕рд░рд╕рдлाрдЗрдоा рдз्рдпाрди рдирджिँрджा
· рд╕ुрдЦ्рдЦा рд░ рдЧрд░्рдоी рдЦाрд▓рдХो рд╡ाрддाрд╡рд░рдгрдоा рд░рд╣ँрджा
· рд╕ंрдХ्рд░рдоिрдд рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдХो рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╡ा рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╕рдо्рдкрд░्рдХрдоा рдЖрдЙँрджा
рдпрд╕рдХा рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рд╣рд░ु
рдпрд╕рдХा рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рд╣рд░ु рдзेрд░ै рд╣ुрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫрди рддрд░ рдзेрд░ै рдЬрд╕्рддो рдпो рд░ोрдЧ рддीрди рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдоा рд╡िрднाрдЬिрдд рдЫ:
рез) рдмेрдХ्рдЯेрд░िрдЖрдХा рдХाрд░рдг (Bacteria)
рдпрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдХो рд░ोрдЧ рдмेрдХ्рдЯेрд░िрдЖрдХो рдХाрд░рдгрд▓े рд╣ुрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ рд░ рдЖँрдЦाрдмाрдЯ рдкрд╣ेрд▓ो рдХрдЪेрд░ा рд░ рдкाрдиी рдиिрд╕्рдХрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ । рдпो рдд्рдпрддी рдирд╕рд░्рдиे рдЦाрд▓рдХो рд╣ुрди्рдЫ ।
рдпो рдзेрд░ैрдЬрд╕ो рдПрдбिрдиो рднाрдЗрд░рд╕ (adenovirus) рднрди्рдиे рднाрдЗрд░рд╕рдмाрдЯ рд╣ुрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ рддрд░ рдЕрди्рдп рднाрдЗрд░рд╕ рдЬрд╕्рддै рд╣рд░्рдкेрд╕ рд╕िрдо्рдк्рд▓ेрдХ्рд╕ рднाрдЗрд░рд╕ (Herpes Simplex virus) рд░ рднेрд░ीрд╕ेрд▓्рд▓ा рдЬोрд╕्рдЯрд░ рднाрдЗрд░рд╕ (Varicella Zoster virus) рд▓े рдЧрд░्рджा рдкрдиि рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рдпो рдЕрддि рдиै рдЪाँрдбो рез рдмाрдЯ рдЕрд░्рдХो рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдоा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╡ा рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╕рдо्рдкрд░्рдХ рдмाрдЯ рд╕рд░्рдиे рд╡ा рдлैрд▓िрдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ । рдпрд╕рдХा рдХाрд░рдгрд▓े рдЖँрдЦाрдоा рдЖँрд╢ु рдЬрд╕्рддो рдкाрдиी рдмрдЧ्рдиे рдЧрд░्рджрдЫ ।
рей) рдПрд▓ेрд░ेрдЬेрдирдХा рдХाрд░рдг (Allergen)
рдпो рдмेрдХ्рдЯेрд░िрдЖ, рднाрдЗрд░рд╕् рдмाрд╣ेрдХ рдЕрди्рдп рдХेрдоिрдХрд▓ рдЕрдерд╡ा рд╡िрд╢ाрд▓ु рдЪिрдЬрдХो рд╕рдо्рдкрд░्рдХрд▓े рд╣ुрдиे рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╣ो । рдПрд╕рдоा рдЖрд╢ु рдЖрдЙрдиे, рдЪिрд▓ाрдЙрдиे рд╣ुрди्рдЫ ।
рдпрд╕рдХो рд░ोрдХрдеाрдо
· рд╕рд░рд╕рдлाрдЗрдоा рдз्рдпाрди рджिрдиु рд╕рдмैрднрди्рджा рдЙрдд्рддрдо рдЙрдкाрдп рд╣ो
· рдЖँрдЦाрд▓ाрдИ рд╣ाрддрд▓े рдирдЫुрдиे
· рд╣ाрдд рдзोрдЗрд░ाрдЦ्рдиे
· рд╕рдлा рдЯाрд╡ेрд▓ рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдЧрд░्рдиे
· рдЕрд░ुрдХो рд▓ुрдЧा, рдЯाрд╡ेрд▓ рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдирдЧрд░्рдиे
рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдШрд░ेрд▓ु рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░ рдкрдж्рджрддि
· рдЙрдоाрд▓ेрдХो рдкाрдиीрд▓े рдХрдкाрд╕ рд╡ा рдирд░рдо рдХрдкрдбाрдХो рдордж्рджрддрд▓े рдЖँрдЦाрдХो рдмाрд╣िрд░ी рд╕ेрддो рднाрдЧ рд╕рдлाрдЧрд░्рдиे
· рдЙрдоाрд▓ेрд░ рдорди рддाрддो рднрдПрдХो рдкाрдиी рднिрдд्рд░ рдЖँрдЦा рдбुрдмाрдПрд░ рдЖँрдЦा рдЦुрдо्рдЪрдиे рд░ рд╣ेрд░्рдиे рдЧрд░्рдиे
· рдХाрд▓ो рдЪрд╢्рдоा рд╡ा рдЕрди्рдп рдХुрдиै рдЖँрдЦा рдЫोрдк्рдиे рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиे
· рдХुрдиै рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдХो рдмрди्рдбेрдЬ рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдирдЧрд░्рдиे
рдЕрд╕्рдкрддाрд▓ рдЬाрдиुрдкрд░्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा
рдЖँрдЦा рдзेрд░ै рд░ाрддो рднрдПрдоा, рджुрдЦेрдоा, рдкोрд▓ेрдоा рд╡ा рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рднрди्рджा рдХुрдиै рдХिрд╕िрдордХा рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг рджेрдЦिрдПрдоा рдирдЬिрдХैрдХो рдЖँрдЦा рдЕрд╕्рдкрддाрд▓ рдЬाрдиुрдкрд░्рджрдЫ.
· рдЕрд╕्рдкाрддрд▓рдоा рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдгрдЧрдд рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░ рдЧрд░िрди्рдЫ
· рдЖрдЦा рдмिрдЭाрдПрдоा рдХृрддिрдо рдЖрд╢ु рджिрдЗрди्рдЫ
· рдмेрдХ्рдЯेрд░िрдЖрдХो рдХाрд░рдг рднрдП рдПрди्рдЯिрдмिрдУрдЯिрдХ рдЖрдЗ рдб्рд░рдк
· рднाрдЗрд░рд╕ рд╣ो рднрдиे рдпрд╕рдоा рдПрди्рдЯिрдмिрдУрдЯिрдХ рд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиु рдкрд░्рджैрди рдЖрдлै рджुрдИрддीрди рд╣рдк्рддाрдоा рд╣рд░ाрдПрд░ рдЬाрди्рдЫ рд░ рдЕрди्рдп рдЬाрдирдХाрд░ीрдХा рд▓ाрдЧी рдбाрдХ्рдЯрд░рд╕ँрдЧ рд╕рд▓्рд▓ाрд╣ рдЧрд░्рджा рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рдд рд╣ुрди्рдЫ
Saturday, August 5, 2023
рдбेंрдЧु рдЬ्рд╡рд░ो/ рдбेंрдЧुрдХो рдХाрд░рдг,рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг,рд░ोрдХрдеाрдо рд░ рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░ / Dengue fever cause, symptom, prevention & Treatment
рдбेрдЩ्рдЧु рдЬ्рд╡рд░ो
- рдд्рдпрд╕ैрд▓े рдпрд╕рд▓ाрдИ break bone fever рдкрдиि рднрдиिрди्рдЫ।
- рдд्рдпрд╕ैрдЧрд░ी рд░рдЧрддрдоा рдк्рд▓ेрдЯрд▓ेрдЯрдХो рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдШрдЯ्рдиे ( Thrombocytopenia)
- WBC рдбрдм्рд▓्рдпूрдмीрд╕ी рдХो рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдШрдЯ्рдиे ( Leucopenia)
- Hematocrit рдХो рд▓ेрдмрд▓ рдмрдб्рдирд╕рдХ्рдЫ
- рдпрд╕рдХाрд▓ाрдЧि рд▓ाрдордЦुрдЯ्рдЯे рднрдПрдХो рдаाрдЙँрдоा рдЬाँрджा рдмाрд╣्рд░ рдЙрдЬ्рдпाрд▓ो рдХрдкрдбा рд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиे рдЬрд╕рд▓ाрдИ рд▓ाрдордЦुрдЯ्рдЯेрд▓े рдорди рдкрд░ाрдЙँрджैрди।
- рд▓ाрдордЦुрдЯ्рдЯे рднрдЧाрдЙрдиे Odomos рдЬрд╕्рддा рддेрд▓ рд╡ा рдХिрд░ीрдо рдЦुрд▓ा рд░рд╣ेрдХा рд╣ाрдд рдЦुрдЯ्рдЯाрдоा рд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиे
- рд░ाрддि рд╕ुрдж्рджा рдЭुрд▓ рдЯाँрдЧेрд░ рд╡ा рд▓ाрдордЦुрдЯ्рдЯे рднрдЧाрдЙрдиे рдФрд╖рдзि рд╡ा рдзुрдкрдХो рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдЧрд░्рдиे
- рдЭ्рдпाрд▓ рдвोрдХाрдоा рдЬाрд▓ी рд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиे
- рд╢рд░िрд░рдоा рд╕ेрди्рдЯ рдирд▓рдЧाрдЙрдиे, рд╕ेрди्рдЯрд▓े рдкрдиि рд▓ाрдордЦुрдЯ्рдЯेрд▓ाрдИ рдЖрдХрд░्рд╖рдг рдЧрд░्рди рд╕рдХ्рдЫ
- рд╕рдХेрд╕рдо्рдо рдмाрд╕्рдиाрджाрд░ рд╕ाрдмुрдирд▓े рдиुрд╣ाрдЙрдиे
- рдШрд░рд╡рд░िрдкрд░ि рдкाрдиी рдЬрдо्рди рдирджिрдиे
- рдоाрдЫाрдоाрд╕ु, рддाрд░ेрдХो рд░ рдзेрд░ै рдорд╕ाрд▓ेрджाрд░ рдЦाрдиा, рдХрдлी
Friday, July 7, 2023
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
Drugs are available that decrease fertility by a number of
different mechanisms, such as preventing ovulation, impairing gametogenesis or
gamete maturation, and interfering with gestation. Currently, interference with
ovulation is the most common pharmacologic intervention for preventing pregnancy.
Contraceptive means interception in
the birth process at any stage ranging from ovulation to ovum implantation. An
ideal contraceptive agent should not only be safe but provide reversible
suppression of fertility.
Oral Contraceptive
(I) COMBINATION PILLS: containing a
combination of Estrogen + Progestin in varying amounts or in phased regimens
(Monophasic, Biphasic or Triphasic).
(ii) MINI PILLS (Progestin only
pills)
(iii) POST COITAL (Morning after)
Pills.
(iv) CENTCHROMAN: Non-Hormonal
estrogen receptor antagonist.
1. Combination oral contraceptives:
Products containing a combination of an estrogen and a
progestin are the most common type of oral contraceptives.
Monophasic combination pills
Monophasic combination pills contain a constant dose of
estrogen and progestin given over 21 days.
ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE
1.Ethinyl Estradiol (30╬╝g) + Norgestral (300╬╝g)
2.Ethinyl Estradiol (30╬╝g) +Levonorgestral(150╬╝g)
3.Ethinyl Estradiol (50╬╝g) + Norgestral (0.5mg)
4.Mestranol Estradiol(50╬╝g) + Norethindrone(1mg)
5.Ethinyl Estradiol (30╬╝g) + Desogestral (150╬╝g)
These are called Monophasic combination pills. No Phasic
↑or↓ In the E/P content during 21 days of pill administration. The First pill
is taken on the 5th day after starting of the menses. One Pill is to be taken
each day consecutively for 21 days. Next 7 days are pill free period. Next
course starts after the 5th day of menstruation. A regular cyclic menstrual bleeding
on withdrawal of the pill (Progestogenic effect). If woman misses one pill some
day she should take 2 pills next day & continue the pill as used. Pills
that have been missed for 2-3days or at frequent days, the course should be stopped. Mechanical barriers like Condoms,
Diaphragm or Jelly should be used & next course start from 5thday of menses
as usual.
Biphasic combination pills
Biphasic & Triphasic pills Mimic the hormonal changes
during the menstrual cycle.
Biphasic pills have a fixed dose of estrogen for 21days with
↑doses of progesterone during two successive phases i.e., from the day 1-10
& 11-21. Next 7days are pill free.
For Ex:
Ethinyl Estradiol(35╬╝g) + Northindrone(0.5mg)
A pack of ten tablets from day1 to day10.
Then,
Ethinyl Estradiol(35╬╝g) + Northindrone(1mg)
A pack of 11 tablets from day 11 – 21day.
Triphasic combination pills
Triphasic pills →Higher dose of Estrogen at near mid cycle
but ↑doses of Progesterone for three
successive phases. i.e., for 1-6, 7-11 & 12- 21days.
By a gap of 7days of pill free period.
Example:
Ethinyl Estradiol 30╬╝g + Norgestrel 0.05mg
(6Tab→day 1-6)
Ethinyl Estradiol 40╬╝g + Norgestrel 0.07mg
(5Tabs→day 7-11)
Ethinyl Estradiol 30╬╝g + Norgestrel 0.125mg
(10Tabs→day 12-21)
2. Progestin-only pills:
Products containing a progestin only, usually norethindrone (called a “mini-pill”), are taken
daily on a continuous schedule. Progestin-only pills deliver a low, continuous
dosage of drug. These preparations are less effective than the combination
pill, and they may produce irregular menstrual
cycles more frequently than the combination product. The
progestin only pill has limited patient acceptance because of anxiety over the
increased possibility of pregnancy and the frequent occurrence of menstrual
irregularities. The progestin-only pill may be used for patients who are
breastfeeding (unlike estrogen, progestins do not have an effect on milk
production), are intolerant to estrogen, are smokers, or have other
contraindications to estrogen-containing products.
3. Postcoital contraception (‘MORNING AFTER PILL’):
Postcoital or emergency contraception reduces the
probability of pregnancy to between 0.2 and 3 percent. Emergency contraception uses
high doses of progestin (for example, 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel) or high doses of estrogen (100 ╬╝g
of ethinyl estradiol) plus progestin (0.5 mg of levonorgestrel) administered within 72 hours of
unprotected intercourse (the “morning-after pill”). For these regimens, a
second dose of emergency contraception should be taken 12 hours after the first
dose. A newer progestin-only regimen consists of a one-time dose of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel. For maximum effectiveness,
emergency contraception should be taken as soon as possible after unprotected
intercourse and preferably within 72 hours. The progestin-only emergency
contraceptive regimens are generally better tolerated than the
estrogen-progestin combination regimens. A single dose of mifepristone has also been used for emergency contraception.
4. CENTCHROMAN
It is a non steroidal antagonist And available as Tab
containing 30mg of Centchroman in each Tab.
·
Centchroman
→taken twice in a week for first 3 months & then once a week subsequently
to be continued irrespective of the following menstrual cycles, as long as
contraception is desired.
·
The
1st Tab →should be taken on the first day of menstrual cycle (Eg. Sunday)
·
2nd
Tab → on 4th day of the cycle (i.e.,Wednesday)
·
Subsequent
Tab →taken on every sun & wed for 1st 3 months.
·
Followed
by once a week on the same day every week.
·
The
missed Tab →taken as soon as possible & the normal schedule should be
adhered to.
If the dose is missed by 2-7days, the normal dose schedule
is maintained. But mechanical barrier contraception (Eg .condoms) are used as
preventive measure additionally. Till the next menstrual period. If the dose is
missed for more than 7days, reinitiate by weekly schedule for 3months &
weekly schedule there-after. Centchroman is a potent competitive antagonist at
peripheral estrogen receptors & suppress proliferative stage of
endometrium.
Mechanism of action
Hormonal birth control medications
prevent pregnancy through the following ways:
├Ш By blocking ovulation (release of an
egg from the ovaries), thus preventing pregnancy
├Ш By altering mucus in the cervix,
which makes it hard for sperm to travel further
├Ш By changing the endometrium (lining
of the uterus) so that it cannot support a fertilized egg
├Ш By altering the fallopian tubes (the
tubes through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus) so that they
cannot effectively move eggs toward the uterus
Adverse effects
Most adverse effects are believed to be due to the estrogen
component, but cardiovascular effects reflect the action of both estrogen and progestin.
The incidence of adverse effects with oral contraceptives is relatively low and
is determined by the specific compounds and combinations used.
1. Major adverse effects: The major adverse effects are breast fullness, depression,
fluid retention, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
2. Cardiovascular: Although rare, the most serious adverse effect of oral
contraceptives is cardiovascular disease, including thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis,
hypertension, increased incidence of myocardial infarction, and cerebral and
coronary thrombosis. These adverse effects are most common among women who
smoke and who are older than age 35 years, although they may affect women of
any age.
3. Carcinogenicity: Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease the
incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer. The incidence of cervical cancer
may be increased with oral contraceptives, because women are less likely to use
additional barrier methods of contraception that reduce exposure to human
papilloma virus (the primary risk factor for cervical cancer). The ability of
oral contraceptives to induce other neoplasms is controversial. The production
of benign tumors of the liver that may rupture, and hemorrhage is rare.
4. Metabolic: Abnormal glucose tolerance (similar to the changes seen in
pregnancy) is sometimes associated with oral contraceptives.Weight gain is
common in women who are taking the nortestosterone derivatives. Weight gain may be less with oral
contraceptives containing drospirenone.
5. Serum lipids: The combination pill causes a change in the serum lipoprotein
profile: Estrogen causes an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL (a desirable
occurrence), whereas progestins may negate some of the beneficial effects of
estrogen. Therefore, estrogen- dominant preparations are best for individuals
with elevated serum cholesterol.
Contraindications:
Oral contraceptives are
contraindicated in the presence of cerebrovascular and thromboembolic disease,
estrogen dependent neoplasms, liver disease, and pregnancy. Combination oral
contraceptives should not be used in patients over the age of 35 who are heavy
smokers.
Drug Interaction:
v The effectiveness of COC, POP and
EHC will be reduced by interaction with drugs that are enzyme inducers
v Broad spectrum antibiotics may
reduce effectiveness of COC by altering the bacterial flora of the bowel.
v Certain drugs can decrease the
effectiveness of combination-type birth control pills by decreasing the drug
concentration in your system (impaired enterohepatic recirculation or hepatic
induction). This can result in pregnancy.
v Drugs that may cause this effect include:
many antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, penicillins,
tetracyclines, sulfas), aprepitant, bexarotene, bosentan, dapsone,
griseofulvin, certain HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., amprenavir, nelfinavir,
ritonavir), modafinil, nevirapine, rifamycins (e.g., rifampin), many seizure
medications (e.g., barbiturates, carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone,
topiramate), St. John's wort.
v Before using this medication, tell
your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and non-prescription/herbal
medications you may use, especially of: thyroid hormone drugs, certain
benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, chlordiazepoxide), prednisone-like drugs,
certain antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics), beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol),
"blood thinners" (anticoagulants such as warfarin), insulin.
v This product can affect the results
of certain lab tests (e.g., thyroid). Inform all laboratory personnel that you
use this drug.
v Birth control pills may
significantly intensify the effects of alcohol.
v Consult your doctor or pharmacist
about this. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist
approval.







































