Menstrual cycle
The cyclical event seen in sexually mature female in which there
is per vaginal bleeding due to sheding of endometrium because of withdrawl of
estrogen and progestrogen
The average menstrual cycle lasts
28 days
Menstrual
stage
The first 3 to 5 days of the cycle are
characterized by menstrual flow.
There is withdrawal of hormones due to degeneration of hormones so constriction of endometrial arteriole then tissue ischemia
and shedding of endometrium which leads to pervaginal bleeding
Proliferative
(estrogenic) stage
. Begins during the later stages of
menstrual flow and continues through the 13th or
14th day
Ovarian
events
There is follicular growth due to
stimulation of FSH . The growing
follicle produce estrogen which leads to endometrial change in uterus
Uterine
events
Due to action of estrogen there is
massive hyperplasia of endometrial cells
Hyperplasia of glands and watery
secrection
Endometrium become highly
vascularise
As the estrogen level persistently
become high it gives positive feedback to hypothalamus which leads to massive
release of LH that leads to release of
ovum from the ovary called as ovulation after ovulation graffian follicle
changed into corpus leuteum which secrects progesterone and the cycle moves to
secrectory phase
Secretory
phase
Corpus leutem secrects progesteron
which leads to fowling endometrial changes
·
Continues
the hypertrophy of the endometrium
·
There
is increased vascularity and increased edema.
·
Hypertrophy
of the gland and thick secrection from
endometrium
·
Blood
vessels become more spiral.
Some remedies for painful mensuration:
- Hot water therapy
- Warm bath
- Light exercise
- Balanced diet
- Some NSAIDS like Mefenamic acid, Ibuprofen etc.
What is needed to be a Pharmacist ?
To become a well established pharmacist is not a easy job. I am not talking about assistant pharmacy or pharmacy assistant. In this article i am talking about either bachelor degree in Pharmacy, Pharm.D or Master in Pharmacy.
- First you have to determine yourself to be a good pharmacist before starting a course.
- Then you have to choose a college which you like the most and have the well resources throughout your course, please don't choose college due to accommodation facilities instead choose college according to qualified teaching technique or facilities.
- After choosing the college look all the syllabus and plan accordingly.
- Study harder for exam, if you get failed then please donot loose hope since it is the subject where more than 60% student passed in re-exam.
- Focus on Practical too.
- Choose which field you want to go after the course.
- Pass the license exam.
- Work in the sector you interested in the most.
- Don't feel frustrating while working.
After certain time of your working you will reach in your destination. you will either
- Pharmaceutical Company Manager
- Hospital Pharmacist
- Clinical Pharmacist
- Professor
- Researcher
But in some country you have to do post graduation as per your interested field like Industrial pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacology etc.
It is the field not to loose hope, keep patience and keep going. You will reach in the destination as per your actual potential.
Pharmacovigilance
Definition:
According to WHO Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.
Status of Pharmacovigillance in Nepal
GoN nominated Department of Drug Administration (DDA) in October 2004 as the focal point (National Pharmacovigilance centre) to liaison with WHO collaborating centre for International Drug Monitoring, Sweden and started collecting adverse drug reactions. Nepal became a WHO programme member in July 2006.
At present, there are 12 regional pharmacovigilance centers in Nepal
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj
- Civil Service Hospital, Minbhawan
- Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
- KIST Medical College, Imadol
- Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Jorpati
- Patan Hospital, Lalitpur
- B.P Koirala Institute of Health Science (BPKIHS), Dharan
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Banepa
- Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni
- Norvic International Hospital, Thapathali
- Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Harisiddhi
- College of Medical Sciences - Teaching Hospital
These regional pharmacovigilance centers operate under DDA (DDA being the National centre for ADR monitoring). The regional centers reports ADRs to the National center (DDA) via ‘Vigiflow’ (an online program) which are then forwarded to the Uppsala Monitoring Center (UMC) by the National Centre. The National database contains about 547 ADR reports so far.
औसधिको उचित प्रयोगमा फार्मासिस्ट को आवस्यकता
अलि सम्पन्न मुलुकमा डाक्टरले औसधिको पुर्जा लेखिसकेपछि फार्मासिस्टले प्रमाडित गर्ने गर्छन अनि नर्सेले प्रमारि करण हेरिसकेपछि बल्ल बिरामीलाई औसधि लगाइदिने गर्दछन। तर हाम्रो नेपालमा येस्तो गर्ने चलन अझै सम्भब नै हुन सकिरहेको छैन, जसका कारण देशमा उत्पन्न भएका क्लिनिकल फार्मासिस्टहरु बिदेसिनु बाहेक अरु केहि विकल्प नै रहेन। नेपालमा औसधि पसले वाहेक फार्मासिस्ट औसधिको उचित प्रयोग गर्न जानेको एक बीज्ञ पनि हो भन्ने सोच अझै पनि नेपाली समाजमा विकसित हुन सकिरहेको छैन।
अत: अझै भन्नु पर्दा कतिपय औसधि हुन्छन जुन बिरामीलाई लगाइदिसकेपछि तेस्को निरन्तररुपमा सरीरमा केहि toxic effect देखाउछ कि भनेर जचिरहनु पर्दछ, जुन कुरा फार्मासिस्टले वाहेक अरु ले गर्दैन। औसधिको उचित प्रयोग नहुदा बिरामीको ज्यान पनि जान सक्छ. तर हामीले रोगले बिरामीको ज्यान गयो कि औसधिको अनुचित प्रयोग ले हामीलाइ अवागत नै हुदैन।
क्लिनिकल फार्मासिस्टले गर्ने कामहरु-
- औसधि सहि मात्रामा दिए नदिएको जाच गर्ने
- औसधिले adverse reaction गर्छ कि जाच गर्ने
- औसधिको उचित प्रयोगको लागि अन्य स्वास्थ्यकर्मीलाइ सल्ला सुझाब दिने
- antibiotic को उचित प्रयोग गर्नका लागि उत्साहान गर्ने
- बिरामीलाई औसधिले केहि नकारात्मक असर गर्यो कि भनेर जाच गर्ने
- लिवर खराब अनि किड्नी खराब भएका व्याक्तिलाइ डोज पत्ता लगाउने
देशका दक्ष्य जनसक्ति विदेश मा पलाएन हुनु पर्ने अनि देशका नागरिक औसधिको अनुचित प्रयोग ले ज्यान गुमाउन पर्ने अवास्था छ ,अब नेपाल सरकार को यो कुराको गम्बिर ध्यानाकर्सन हुन जरुरि छ।
-
Dengue Fever- symptoms, prevention and treatment in Nepal
Dengue fever is going viral nowadays in Nepal basically in Rupandehi dristricts. It is caused by the single bite of infected mosquito infected by dengue virus. It is characterized by dengue kits test and also low platelets counts.
Sign and Symptoms
- High fever upto 104 degree F.
- Headache
- Joints and muscle pain
-Nausea and vomiting
- Anorexia
- Pain of eyelids
Prevention
- Clean the environment, where there high prone of mosquito.
- Use mosquito repellents while sleeping.
Were full cloth while going out.
Treatment
Since this is the viral infection so there are no any specific medicine unless treating its symptoms.
- Paracetamol 500 mg three times a day to control fever.
- antiemetic like domperidone to control nausea and vomiting.
- Oral Re hydration Solution to compensate fluid loss.
Home remedy and foods supplements
- Pomegranate
- Soup
- Apple
- Plenty of water
- Green vegetables
- Liquid containing food
- Coconut water
Since there is no any medicine for dengue virus, unless dangerous symptoms arises like bleeding from nose, mouth, stool and urine, there in no need to hospitalization. if Platelets count falls to the minimum hospitalization is required. 'It takes upto 7 to 14 days to complete recovery.
Sign and Symptoms
- High fever upto 104 degree F.
- Headache
- Joints and muscle pain
-Nausea and vomiting
- Anorexia
- Pain of eyelids
Prevention
- Clean the environment, where there high prone of mosquito.
- Use mosquito repellents while sleeping.
Were full cloth while going out.
Treatment
Since this is the viral infection so there are no any specific medicine unless treating its symptoms.
- Paracetamol 500 mg three times a day to control fever.
- antiemetic like domperidone to control nausea and vomiting.
- Oral Re hydration Solution to compensate fluid loss.
Home remedy and foods supplements
- Pomegranate
- Soup
- Apple
- Plenty of water
- Green vegetables
- Liquid containing food
- Coconut water
Since there is no any medicine for dengue virus, unless dangerous symptoms arises like bleeding from nose, mouth, stool and urine, there in no need to hospitalization. if Platelets count falls to the minimum hospitalization is required. 'It takes upto 7 to 14 days to complete recovery.
