RHUBAB

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Rhubarb( padamchal)

1. 1. 000 Rhubarb Presented by :- Department of pharmacy UCMS 9/8/2019 1
2. 2. Introduction 9/8/20192  Rhubarb is a strange plant. Its roots have many medicinal uses. Its stems makes tasty pie. And its leaves are poisonous. Rhubarb plays a strong role in the traditional Chinese therapy and is commonly used as a laxative and a bitter stomachic. Approximately 60 species of Rheum have been found of which 40 are Chinese. Out of these, minimum 18 possess medicinal properties. As per the official pharmacopoeia (both E.P. and B.P.) the drug is required to contain not less than 2.2% of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives calculated as rhein. Chrysophamol, emodin, aloe-amodin, rhein, physcion were the free anthraquinones to be first
3. 3. Cont.. 9/8/20193  It is often called a greenhouse plant because of outer its outer curtain of translucent bracts which passes a visible light , creating a greenhouse effect , while blocking ultraviolet radiation . These are the important defenses against the increase UV- B exposure and extreme cold in its high altitude range . (Rheum nobile)
4. 4. Synonyms 9/8/20194  Also known as redix rhei , rheum , ravandchini , rhaptonic , turkey rhuber, himalyan rhubarb.  Nepali name : padamchal (पदमचाल)
5. 5. Classification 9/8/20195  Kingdom- Plantae  Subkingdom- Tracheobionta  Superdivision- Spermatophyta  Division- Magnoliophyta  Class- Magnoliopsida  Subclass- Caryophyllidae  Order- Polygonales  Family- Polygonaceae  Genus- Rheum  Species- Rheum palmatum
6. 6. Biological source •Rhubarb consist of dried root and rhizomes of Rheum emodi wall (indian rhubarb), Rheum palmatum linn belonging to the family polygonaceae. 9/8/20196
7. 7. Geographical source (habit and habitat) 9/8/20197  It is obtained both from wild and cultivated species grown in regions ranging from south east to china to tibet and korea.  Rheum officinale or Rheum palmatum are grown in China whereas the other species Rheum webbianum , Rheum austrele , Rheum emodi are native to India, Pakistan or Nepal.  High altitude (more than 3000 m ) is prerequesite for growth of rhubarb . It is a drought resistant plant.  It is perennial herb . It grows on topical and subtropical climate. It grows up to 2m .
8. 8. 9/8/20198
9. 9. Collection and preparation 9/8/20199  The drug is mostly obtained from wild plants.  It is propagated by seeds or from rhizomes.  The drug is obtained from 6-10 year old plant.  The rhizome portion is dug up in spring or autumn . Aerial portion dies in winter and rhizomes remaining in ground regenerate in next spring.  The collected rhizomes are cleaned , decorated and dried. The larger rhizomes are cut transversly or longitudinally.  The pieces are threaded by piercing a hole in them and such threaded pieces are dried under shade .
10. 10. Cont… • Some of the pieces are artificially dried. • The drug is packed in wooden cases. 9/8/201910
11. 11. Organoleptic properties 9/8/201911  Colour : the surface is covered with a yellow power smooth and pale brown to red in colour .  Odour : sharp  Taste : bitter astringent
12. 12. Macroscopic character 9/8/201912  The drug coming to market is called as either flats or rounds . Round pieces are prepared from small rhizomes which are cut only transversely and hence they are barrel shaped , cylindrical or conical with 8- 10 cm length and 4 cm in thickness .
13. 13. Cont… 9/8/201913  Flat pieces are prepared from large rhizomes which are cut longitudinally and hence they are plano convex and tapering at both ends . Flats are 7-10 cm in length and 3-6 cm in thickness towards middle portion .
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15. 15. Microscopic character 9/8/201915 • Parenchyma – abundant, present in all parts, contain starch (simple 4-18 µ or compound 30 µ). Also contain calcium oxalate crystals 20-200 µ. • Medullary rays – it shows both, normal radiates of xylem and phloem. In the star-spot, it contains a yellow masses (insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in water – become reddish pink in ammonia, and deep blood red by caustic alkali). Xylem vessels are reticulated and remarkable (their walls are cellulosic and not lignified).. • ›Star-spots have collapsed phloem at the center, surrounded sec. phloem developed by the cambium. • Externally, the cambium forms the xylem with large vessels ( the radiating arms of the star-spots are the medullary rays. • Older star-spots shows mucilage cavities in the phloem just within the cambiform tissue. No sclerenchyma fibers.
16. 16. Cont… 9/8/201916
17. 17. Cont… 9/8/201917 1. Reticulately thickened vessels associated withparenc hyma and a medullary ray (m.r.) intangential longitudinal section. 2. Starch granules. 3 . Fragments of reticulately thickened vessels. 4. Medullary ray (m.r.) in radial longitudinal section underlying parenchymatous cells. 5. Cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, 6. Parenchyma of the ground tissue containing a calcium oxalate crystal. 6a. Small-celled, rounded parenchyma of the ground tissue. 6b. Parenchymatous cells of the ground tissueshowing
18. 18. Chemical constituents 9/8/201918  Rhubarb contains anthraquinone glycosides and astringent principles . The anthraquinone glycosides ranging from 2 to 4.6 percent and are catogorized into four groups . 1. Anthraquinone with a carboxylic group like rhein and glucorhein . 2. Antraquinones without a carboxylic group like aloe – emodin , chrysophanol , physcion and also their glycosidal forms . 3. Anthrones and dianthrone of aloe – emodin , emodin , chrysophanol and physcion . 4. Heterodianthrones like palmidin A , palmidin B and palmidin C . They are formed from two different anthrone molecules . Palmidin A → aloe – emodin anthrone + emodin anthrone palmidin B → aloe - emodin anthrone + chryosophanol anthrone palmidin C → emodin - anthrone + chrysophanol anthrone
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20. 20. Cont… 9/8/201920  The astringent part mainly consists of gallic acid as glucogallin , along with tannin , catechin , and epicatechin.
21. 21. Chemical tests 9/8/201921 1. Rhubarb gives positive tests for modified borntrager ̓s test. 2. Rhubarb shows red colour with addition of alkalies due to presence of anthraquinone glycosides .
22. 22. Standards 9/8/201922 1. Total ash : not more than 12 percent 2. Acid insoluble ash : not more than 1 percent 3. Foreign organic matter : not more than 1 percent 4. Dilute alcohol soluble extractive : not less than 30 percents .
23. 23. Medicinal uses 9/8/201923 The root of the Chinese rhubarb is the most important part of the plant extensively used for medicinal purposes.  The active constituents in the root may function as an anti-inflammatory, laxative or as an antibacterial during toothaches, shingles, hypertension, burns, acute appendicitis, acute infectious hepatitis, conjunctivitis, swelling of gums, and sores of the mouth or tongue. Moreover, the root of the plant has been used over many centuries to cure stomach and intestinal disorders, fevers and edema.  The herbs can be crushed and dried sometimes to be applied externally during fevers.
24. 24. Pharmacological uses 9/8/201924 1.Blood Conditions​ breaks up congealed blood​ hyperlipidemia (in conjunction with other treatments)​ invigorates blood​2.Female Conditions​ amenorrhea due to blood stasis​3.Gastrointestinal Conditions​ abdominal pain​
25. 25. 9/8/201925  atonic dyspepsia (in small doses)​ bacillary dysentery​ constipation​ diarrhea caused by an irritating body in the intestines​ dysentery​ enteritis​ gastrointestinal hemorrhage​ increases the flow of saliva (when chewed)​ stimulates appetite and digestion (cold extract in small doses)​ torpor and debility of the digestive organs (in small doses)​4.Genitourinary System Conditions​ early stages of chronic renal failure (in conjunction with other age)
26. 26. 9/8/201926 5.Glandular conditions  acute pancreatitis (in conjunction with other agents)​6.Liver Conditions​ acute hepatitis (in conjunction with other agents)​ acute cholecystitis​ jaundice due to damp heat​7.Other Conditions​ cancer
27. 27. CULLINARY USES 9/8/201927 • The Chinese Rhubarb can be used in making pies and jams, adding a wonderful flavor to them. • It is also added to tonic wines.
28. 28. Formulations 9/8/2019 28
29. 29. Dosing 9/8/201929  Dried rhubarb extract 20 to 50 mg/kg daily
30. 30. Precaution 9/8/201930 • The root, if consume in high doses can be poisonous as the oxalic acid crystals present in the leaves can be risky for the health.  It can be especially harmful for those who are suffering from arthritis, kidney problems, inflammatory bowel disease, or intestinal obstruction. Also, pregnant women should also avoid taking this as it may cause uterine stimulation.
31. 31. Interactions 9/8/201931  Interaction with cardiac glycosides (digoxin) and a reduction in the absorption of orally administered drugs have been noted when rhubarb is taken in large quantities.
32. 32. Toxicity 9/8/201932  Young rhubarb flowers  Rhubarb leaves contain poisonous substances, including oxalic acid, which is a nephrotoxic and corrosive acid that is present in many plants.
33. 33. Adulterants and substitutes 9/8/201933  Chinese rhapontic rhubarb:  The centre may be hollow.  ›Star spots are present as a ring.  The odour is sweet and differs from the official rhubarb.  It contains mainly rhaponticin which is toxic. Indian rhubarb:  it occurs peeled or unpeeled, so cork cells are easily detected in the powder.  It contains anthraquinone derivatives and in ultraviolet light shows a deep violet fluorescence.  Its roots have anti-inflammatory activity.
34. 34. Cont… 9/8/201934 English rhubarb: 1. › R. officinale:  Similar to Chinese rhubarb but, star spots fewer and more scattered and has the same active constituents. 2. › R. rhaponticum:  It shows circles of isolated star spots and shows no emodin, aloe-emodin or rhein. It contains mainly rhaponticin.
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36. 36. References 9/8/201936  Kokate CK(2014). Pharmacognosy , Nirali publication , 49th edition,9.20,9.21,9.22.  “Rheum palmentum”. Natural resources conservation service LANTS database . USDA RETRIVED 1 february 2016.
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